Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Description
This figure summarized the environment that shapes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Beyond genetic factors, a combination of noxious exposures, developmental, and socioeconomic factors contribute to the development, progression, and comorbidity of the disease.
Acknowledgements
References
Christenson, S. A., Smith, B. M., Bafadhel, M., & Putcha, N. (2022). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet (London, England), 399(10342), 2227–2242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00470-6
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