Macrophage Subtypes in Atherosclerosis

Description

This template was adapted from the original submission. Edits were made to enhance scientific accuracy, optimal usability and/or to meet industry-leading design standards for science communication. Monocytes are differentiated to M0 macrophages via monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF). Depending on the tissue microenvironment the M0 macrophage is then polarized to a particular subtype. The primary subtypes are pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. In addition, multiple other subtypes have been identified including; M(Hb), Mhem, Mox and M4. All of these subtypes produce various chemokines and cytokines and have different functions within the atherosclerotic plaque.

Acknowledgements

References

Anwer Habib. (2014) The Role of Iron Metabolism as a Mediator of Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Handling in Atherosclerosis. Frontiers of Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25221512/ Alexandra Kadl . (2010) Identification of a Novel Macrophage Phenotype That Develops in Response to Atherogenic Phospholipids via Nrf2. Circulation Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20651288/ Norbert Leitinger. (2013) Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23640492/ Gabriele Domschke. (2019) CXCL4-induced Macrophages in Human Atherosclerosis. Cytokine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28899579/ Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi. (2011) Macrophage Polarization in Metabolic Disorders: Functions and Regulation. Curr Opin Lipidol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21825981/

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