Acute Immune Responses to Coronaviruses

Description

This template was adapted from the original submission. Edits were made to enhance scientific accuracy, optimal usability and/or to meet industry-leading design standards for science communication. Coronaviruses are RNA viruses, some of which can infect human lung epithelium via the receptor ACE2. Viral RNA activates endosomal and cytoplasmic sensors, TLR3/7 and MAVS respectively. These receptors activate Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) and NFkB to induce inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFN). Dendritic cells (DCs) sample antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs to prime adaptive immunity. CD8 T cells induce apoptosis after recognition of antigen on DCs or infected cells.

Acknowledgements

References

Li, W. et. al. (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145 Ravindra, N.G. et. al. (2020) Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells. BioRvix. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.081695 Lukassen, S. et. al. (2020) SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.20105114 Li, J. et. al. (2010) Murine Coronavirus Induces Type I Interferon in Oligodendrocytes Through Recognition by RIG-I and MDA5. J. Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00016-10 Totura, A.L. et. al. (2015) Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. mBio. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00638-15 Yoshikawa, T. et. al. (2010) Dynamic Innate Immune Responses of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Infection. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008729 Shi, C. et. al. (2014) SARS-coronavirus Open Reading frame-9b Suppresses Innate Immunity by Targeting Mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 Signalosome. J Immunol. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1303196 Scheuplein, V.A. et. al. (2015) High Secretion of Interferons by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Upon Recognition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03607-14 Li, S. et. al. (2016) SARS Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Inhibits the TLR7 Signaling Pathway Through Removing Lys63-Linked Polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050678 Zalinger, Z.B. et. al. (2015) MDA5 Is Critical to Host Defense During Infection With Murine Coronavirus. J Virol. https://10.1128/JVI.01470-15 Channappanavar, R. et. al. (2014) Virus-specific Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Substantial Protection From Lethal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. J Virol. https://10.1128/JVI.01505-14

Get started with this template for free

Don’t start from scratch.

Create professional scientific illustrations quickly and easily, even without any design expertise

Get started with a huge library of editable icons and templates such as common biological pathways, anatomy, or genetics.
Create figures that effectively communicate your research in half the time using our editable icons.
Use our PDB tool to quickly generate and customize protein structures

Get started now